Lymphocyte Subset Panel with NK Cells

Lymphocyte Subset Panel with NK Cells

Test Description

The Lymphocyte Subset Panel with NK Cells is broad blood test designed to evaluate key components of the immune system by measuring the absolute counts and percentages of critical lymphocyte populations. These include T cells (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+), B cells (CD19+), and natural killer (NK) cells (CD16+/CD56+).

This test provides clinicians with a detailed understanding of the immune system’s cellular makeup, which is essential for diagnosing, monitoring, and managing a variety of immune-related conditions, ranging from immunodeficiencies to autoimmune diseases and the effects of immunosuppressive therapies.

The Lymphocyte Subset Panel with NK Cells employs flow cytometry, a precise laboratory technique that detects specific cell surface markers to identify and quantify different lymphocyte subsets. In addition to absolute counts and percentages of each lymphocyte type, the test reports the CD4/CD8 ratio, a critical parameter especially useful in monitoring diseases such as HIV/AIDS. This ratio helps assess immune competence and disease progression.

Indications of the Test

The Lymphocyte Subset Panel with NK Cells is recommended for a broad range of clinical scenarios, including:

• Diagnosing primary or secondary immunodeficiencies: Such as HIV/AIDS or inherited genetic immune disorders where lymphocyte populations may be depleted or dysfunctional.

• Monitoring immune recovery: After treatments that affect the immune system, including chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or organ transplantation.

• Evaluating autoimmune diseases: Conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple sclerosis, where immune dysregulation affects lymphocyte balance.

• Assessing chronic or recurrent infections: Patients experiencing frequent infections such as pneumonia, fungal infections, or persistent viral illnesses may benefit from this test.

• Monitoring immune status in cancer patients:  Especially those undergoing immunosuppressive therapies that can alter lymphocyte numbers and function.

• Evaluating immune response post-vaccination: To assess whether the immune system is mounting an adequate response.

• Early screening for lymphocyte anomalies: In cases of suspected infections or malignancies that affect immune cells.

Patient Preparation/Instructions

• Specimen Type: A blood sample is required, typically collected in a lavender-top (EDTA) tube.

• Volume: The preferred volume is between 3 to 5 mL, with a minimum acceptable volume of 1 mL.

• Preparation: No special preparation or fasting is necessary before the test. Patients are encouraged to stay hydrated to facilitate easier blood collection.

• Transport: Samples should be maintained at room temperature and must be processed within 24 hours to preserve cell viability and ensure accurate results.

• Collection Experience: The blood draw involves only a brief pinch, with most patients experiencing minimal discomfort.

What the Test Measures

The panel breaks down the immune system’s lymphocyte populations as follows:

• T Cells (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+):

  • CD4+ Helper T cells coordinate immune responses by activating other immune cells. Low CD4+ counts are indicative of immunodeficiency, especially in HIV infection.

  • CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for killing virus-infected cells and tumor cells. Abnormal levels may signal immune dysfunction or disease progression.

• B Cells (CD19+): These cells produce antibodies critical for humoral immunity. Abnormal B cell counts can suggest autoimmune disease or immunodeficiency.

• Natural Killer (NK) Cells (CD16+/CD56+): NK cells provide frontline defense against viral infections and tumors. Low NK cell levels are associated with recurrent infections and increased cancer risk.

The results are reported as both absolute counts (cells per microliter) and percentages relative to total lymphocytes, with interpretation based on age-adjusted reference ranges.

Typical Reference Values

Values outside these ranges may indicate immune deficiency, autoimmune activity, or other pathological conditions requiring further clinical evaluation.

Turnaround Time

The results for the lymphocyte subset panel with NK cells are typically available within 3 to 5 days following sample collection.

This allows healthcare providers to quickly review the immune status and make informed decisions regarding diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring.